Supplementary Files
Keywords
Open Innovation
Automotive Industry
New Ventures
How to Cite
Abstract
Although open innovation (OI) has been characterized as one key driver for business model innovation (BMI), the literature lacks an in-depth understanding of how OI influences the business models (BM) of new ventures. However, such an understanding is crucial for improving the value creation and value capture for technological innovations in inbound OI settings. Based upon a unique dataset of 19 new ventures from 7 countries, which participated in Europe’s largest OI platform, this study finds that OI leads to an expansion in the customer segment, a greater focus in the value proposition, a shorter (but deeper) value chain, and challenges to the revenue model. The paper highlights important theoretical contributions for the BMI and OI literature, and derives tangible managerial guidance for entering OI partnerships.
References
Albats, E., Podmetina, D., & Vanhaverbeke, W. (2021). Open innovation in SMEs: A process view towards business model innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1913595
Andreini, D., Bettinelli, C., Foss, N. J., & Mismetti, M. (2021). Business model innovation: A review of the process-based literature. Journal of Management and Governance, 26(4), 1089–1121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-021-09590-w
Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/004912418101000205
Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Ricart, J. E. (2010). From strategy to business models and onto tactics. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2010.01.004
Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Zhu, F. (2013). Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor-based business models. Strategic Management Journal, 34(4), 464–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2022
Chesbrough, H. (2007a). Business model innovation: It’s not just about technology anymore. Strategy & Leadership, 35(6), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570710833714
Chesbrough, H. (2007b). Why companies should have open business models. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(2), 22–28.
Chesbrough, H., & Appleyard, M. M. (2007). Open innovation and strategy. California Management Review, 50(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166416
Chesbrough, H., & Bogers, M. (2014). Explicating open innovation: Clarifying an emerging paradigm for understanding innovation. New Frontiers in Open Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Forthcoming, 3–28.
Chesbrough, H., & Rosenbloom, R. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: Evidence from Xerox Corporation’s technology spin-off companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), 529–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.3.529
Chesbrough, H., & Schwartz, K. (2007). Innovating business models with co-development partnerships. Research-Technology Management, 50(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2007.11657419
Daimler AG. (2021). 5th anniversary of Startup Autobahn: The most successful innovation platform in Europe continues to grow internationally [publisher: Mercedes-Benz Group Media]. https://group- media.mercedes- benz.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/5th- anniversary- of-STARTUP-AUTOBAHN- The- most- successful- innovation- platform- in- Europe-continues- togrow-internationally.xhtml?oid=50810034
Daood, A., Giustiniano, L., & Gatti, M. (2021). Exploring the evolution of business model innovation alliances: The case of Velasca. International Journal of Innovation Management, 25(07), 2150079. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919621500791
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550. https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2017). Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Journal of Management, 43(1), 200–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316675927
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2018). Business models and business model innovation: Between wicked and paradigmatic problems. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.07.006
Frankenberger, K., Weiblen, T., Csik, M., & Gassmann, O. (2013). The 4I-framework of business model innovation: A structured view on process phases and challenges. International Journal of Product Development, 18(3/4), 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPD.2013.055012
Frankenberger, K., Weiblen, T., & Gassmann, O. (2014). The antecedents of open business models: An exploratory study of incumbent firms. R&D Management, 44(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12040
García-Gutiérrez, I., & Martínez-Borreguero, F. J. (2016). The Innovation Pivot Framework: Fostering Business Model Innovation in Startups: A new tool helps entrepreneurs design business models by identifying the sources of competitive advantage embedded in an innovation. Research-Technology Management, 59(5), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2016.1208043
Gehman, J., Glaser, V. L., Eisenhardt, K. M., Gioia, D., Langley, A., & Corley, K. G. (2018). Finding theory–method fit: A comparison of three qualitative approaches to theory building. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(3), 284–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617706029
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2012). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Holm, A. B., Günzel, F., & Ulhøi, J. P. (2013). Openness in innovation and business models: Lessons from the newspaper industry. International Journal of Technology Management, 61(3/4), 324–348. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2013.052674
Hossain, M. (2017). Business model innovation: Past research, current debates, and future directions. Journal of Strategy and Management, 10(3), 342–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-01-2016-0002
Ibarra, D., Bigdeli, A. Z., Igartua, J. I., & Ganzarain, J. (2020). Business model innovation in established SMEs: A configurational approach. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(3), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030076
Ili, S., Albers, A., & Miller, S. (2010). Open innovation in the automotive industry. R&D Management, 40(3), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2010.00595.x
Jacobides, M. G., MacDuffie, J. P., & Tae, C. J. (2016). Agency, structure, and the dominance of OEMs: Change and stability in the automotive sector. Strategic Management Journal, 37(9), 1942–1967. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2426
Kraus, S., Kanbach, D. K., Krysta, P. M., Steinhoff, M. M., & Tomini, N. (2022). Facebook and the creation of the metaverse: Radical business model innovation or incremental transformation? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(9), 52–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2021-0984
Leemann, N., Kanbach, D., & Stubner, S. (2021). Breaking the paradigm of sensing, seizing, and transforming - evidence from Axel Springer. Journal of Business Strategies, 38(2), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.54155/jbs.38.2.95-124
Marullo, C., Casprini, E., Di Minin, A., & Piccaluga, A. (2018). 'Ready for take-off': How open innovation influences startup success. Creativity and Innovation Management, 27(4), 476–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12272
Micheli, M. R., Berchicci, L., & Jansen, J. P. (2020). Leveraging diverse knowledge sources through proactive behaviour: How companies can use inter-organizational networks for business model innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 29(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12359
Milei, P. (2022). The nature of business model innovation in start-up companies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2022.122014
Moschner, S.-L., Fink, A. A., Kurpjuweit, S., Wagner, S. M., & Herstatt, C. (2019). Toward a better understanding of corporate accelerator models. Business Horizons, 62(5), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.05.006
Porter, M. E. (2004). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors (First Free Press export ed). Free Press.
Pynnönen, M., Hallikas, J., & Ritala, P. (2012). Managing customer-driven business model innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 16(4), 1250022. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919612003836
Saebi, T., & Foss, N. J. (2015). Business models for open innovation: Matching heterogeneous open innovation strategies with business model dimensions. European Management Journal, 33(3), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2014.11.002
Schwarze, V. (2021). 5 Years, 10 Programs, Countless Memories [publisher: Startup Autobahn]. https://startupautobahn-poweredbypnp.medium.com/5-years-10-programs-countless-memoriese8a603b3155e
Seiferlein, B., Gernsheimer, O., & Kanbach, D. K. (2022). Fostering entrepreneurial competencies for business model innovation. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, 22(4), 401–423. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2022.10045209
Seiferlein, B., Kanbach, D. K., & Lehmann, C. (2023). Internal antecedents for systematic business model innovation: Insights from the German automotive manufacturers. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 27(1/2), 19–50.
Snihur, Y., & Zott, C. (2020). The genesis and metamorphosis of novelty imprints: How business model innovation emerges in young ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 63(2), 554–583. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.0706
Spender, J.-C., Corvello, V., Grimaldi, M., & Rippa, P. (2017). Startups and open innovation: A review of the literature. European Journal of Innovation Management, 20(1), 4–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2015-0131
Spieth, P., & Meissner, S. (2018). Business model innovation alliances: How to open business models for cooperation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 22(4), 1850042. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919618500421
Spithoven, A., Vanhaverbeke, W., & Roijakkers, N. (2013). Open innovation practices in SMEs and large enterprises. Small Business Economics, 41(3), 537–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9453-9
Startup Autobahn. (2020). Europe’s Largest Open Innovation Platform Startup Autobahn Presents 40 New Pilot Projects at Expo Day. https://startup-autobahn.com/news/press-release/europeslargest-open-innovation-platform-startup-autobahn-presents-40-new-pilot-projects-at-expoday
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), 172–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003
Teplov, R., Albats, E., & Podmetina, D. (2019). What does open innovation mean? Business versus academic perceptions. International Journal of Innovation Management, 23(1), 1950002. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919619500026
Thornberg, R., & Charmaz, K. (2014). Grounded Theory and Theoretical Coding. In The Sage handbook of qualitative data analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243
Trimi, S., & Berbegal-Mirabent, J. (2012). Business model innovation in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(4), 449–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0234-3
Urbaniec, M., & Żur, A. (2021). Business model innovation in corporate entrepreneurship: Exploratory insights from corporate accelerators. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(2), 865–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00646-1
Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D., Chiesa, V., & Frattini, F. (2019). The role of business model design in the diffusion of innovations: An analysis of a sample of unicorn-tech companies. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 16(1), 1950011. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877019500111
Weiblen, T. (2014). The open business model: Understanding an emerging concept. Journal of Multi Business Model Innovation and Technology, 2(1), 35–66. https://doi.org/10.13052/jmbmit2245-456X.212
Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Wang, Y., Shareef, M. A., Akram, M. S., & Goraya, M. A. S. (2021). An integration of antecedents and outcomes of business model innovation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Research, 131, 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.045
Zott, C., & Amit, R. (2010). Business model design: An activity system perspective. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.004
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Benedict Seiferlein, Dominik K. Kanbach